1.‘Umar’s conversion to Islam was a victory. And his ascension to caliphate a great blessing to the Muslims.’ Discuss

2 .‘Wile in Mekkah Muhammad’s (PBUH) mission centred on the preparation of the Arabs psychologically for a fundamental change, in Madina this change was actualization.’ Discuss.

3. Explain the following religious practices in pre-Islamic Arabia:

(a) Paganism

(b) Christianity.

4. (a) To what extent was Yazid bin Muawiyah’s conduct as a caliph unorthodox?

(b) In what ways was he a victim of his father’s policies?

5. Examine the achievements of the Umayyads in the following areas:

(a) Science.

(b) Culture

6. .Assess the contribution of Al-Aziz to the Fatimids’ caliphate

7. Justify the view that the Abbasid caliphate was the golden age of Islamic civilization.

8. Discuss the contribution of Al Mansur to the Abbasid caliphate.

9. Discuss the political and economic organization of the Fatimid dynasty.

10. (a) Account for the failure of the Christian crusaders to achieve their objectives.

(b) What impact did these crusade movements have on the Muslim word?

11. ‘European colonialism was solely responsible for the collapse of the Ottoman’s empire.’ Assess the validity of this statement.

12. Examine Sulayma’s contribution to the development of the Ottoman Empire which earned him the title of “The magnificent”.

END