SECTION A

1. Account for the occurrence of military coups in Africa. Suggest measures that should be taken to minimize coups in Africa.

2. Examine the benefits and challenges of adopting Kiswahili as a national language in Uganda.

3. Discuss the factors that have undermined the girl child education in Uganda. How can this problem be addressed?

4. Explain the causes of brain drain in Uganda. How can this problem be solved?

5. 'Abstinence is the most effective method of curbing the spread of HIV/AIDS in Uganda.' Discuss.

6. Should wildlife in Uganda be conserved?

SECTION B

Answer one question from this section.

7. Study the table below showing some central government prisons in Uganda (1998) and answer the questions that follow:

Date	Name of prison	Planned number (of inmates)	Actual numbers of inmates
			Convicts	Remands	Lodgers	Others
07/01	Muchision Bay	475	484	1,129	-	-
09/01	Luzira (upper)	624	211	69	-	1,776
13/02	Arua	178	192	361	-	-
13/10	Rukungiri	120	47	203	-	-
04/11	Kumi	100	19	58	-	-
10/11	Jinja (main)	490	249	338 (committals)	33	-

Note:

• Committals are remand prisoners on capital charges who have been committed for by the High Court. They are not eligible for bail.
• Lodgers are persons detained in prison without a court order.

Questions:

a) (i) Determine the actual number of inmates per prison.

(ii) Draw a group (comparative) bar - graph to represent the planned and actual number of inmates for the prisons shown in the table.

b) (i) Identify the prison with the largest number of inmates.

(ii) Account for the large number of inmates in the prison identified in (b)(i) above.

c) What are the consequences of exceeding the planned capacity of prisons?

8. Read the passage below and answer the questions that follow:

Let us start with some biological "givens," since development is fundamentally a biological process. The key concept is multi - potentiality. Any living creature, but especially the higher animals and man, possesses a large number of possibilities for action at any one time, and for development is to say that it consists of the transformation of a large number of potentialities into a limited number of actualities.

The earlier the developmental stage we are considering, the larger is the number of potentialities. The act of conception rules out a tremendously large number of egg - sperm combinations that might have occurred before one particular combination takes place. A new born infant has an almost infinitely large number of possibilities for personality development that could occur in different kinds of family situation and cultural environment. All these diverse potentialities are quickly lost when he begins to develop in the one family to which he has been born. At the age of one, a child has potentialities for fluent expression in several thousand languages. By the time he is two, most of these potentialities have been lost because he has had the mark of one language stamped upon him for life.

The second major biological pillar is the concept biologists have called time's arrow. Wherever may be the status of time as a variable in the physical sciences, for living beings the important thing about it is that it runs in one direction. Further more, for any single individual, it is limited, and eventually it runs out.

The third biological fact to be emphasized follows from the first two. It is the concept of selection. From birth to death, an organism is repeatedly required to select which possibilities are to be utilized in actions and development. The factors that control the selection are in part external and in part internal - environmental pressures, motives and desires. For the human species, part of this selective process occurs through conscious choice. The person is aware of the possibilities he faces and deliberately chooses one of them.

The fourth biological imperative is a fact of a somewhat different sort, the phenomenon of spontaneous activity. It is a literal fact that a living creature is in some way active at every instant from conception to extinction. Something is always going on - the cells divides, the heart beats, the muscles contract, electrical impulses keep up their rhythmic ebb and flow. The human infant cries and kicks and looks around him, whatever his surroundings. The child walks and talks, plays and imitates, in every variety of family and culture. What those who guide development do is to modify parents of activity, not create them. Thus we should aim at an understanding of motivation that explains the direction an individual's activities take rather than the reason for his being active at all. The emphasis psychologists have placed on stimulus - response formulations about behavior can lead to an unexamined assumption that an organization acts only when we or some other agent stimulates it. What is being emphasized here is that whether or not any identifiable stimulus is present, if a creature is alive doing something.

The fifth of the essential biological ideas is the concept of organizing structures. The thing that transforms spontaneous activity into meaningful actions and purposes can be thought of a structure of some sort, the parts of which fit together into an organized whole. More than anyone else, it was Piaget who brought this biological concept into developmental psychology. He calls such a structure a schema, and has devoted a lifetime of research to finding out how the simple schemata that control infant behavior are elaborated into the complex schemata characterizing mature thinking.

The sixth concept, emphasized perhaps more by philosophers than by biologists themselves, is emergence. At some point in the transformation of simple organizations into systems of increasing complexity, the complex organization acquires genuinely new properties. The major evolutionary points at which such shifts have occurred are the junctures where matter took on life took on mind. According to this way of thinking, biology must make room for principles not to be found in chemistry and physics, and psychology must accommodate principles not to be found in biology. There need be nothing unnatural or supernatural about this. The new quality is a function of the complexity of the organization itself. While not all biologists and psychologists are convinced of the soundness of this concept of emergence, it is at least a useful tentative assumption in a theory designed to undergird counseling, because it leads us to attach some importance to what a person thinks, as we try to understand his behavior and developmental possibilities.

Questions:

a) Suggest a suitable title for this passage.

b) What does the author:

i. Mean by ".......transformation of a large number of potentialities into a limited number of actualities"? (lines 6 - 7)

ii. Say about "time's arrow"? (lines 19)

c) In not more than 100 words, summarize the factors that influence human development and behavior, according to the passage.

d) Explain the meaning of the following words and phrases as used in the passage, using your own words wherever possible:

i) Act of conception (line 09)

ii) Stamped upon (line 17)

iii) Spontaneous (line 31)

iv) Rhythmic ebb ( line 34)

v) Motivation (line 38)

vi) Identifiable stimulus (lines 42 - 43)

vii) Evolutionary (line 55)

viii) Took on life ( line 56)

ix) Make room for (line 57)

x) Tentative (line 62)