1.    a) Describe the organization of the Trans-Saharan trade by AD 1500.
       b) How did this trade affect the peoples of West Africa?

2.    a) Explain the origins of the Hausa states.
       b) How were these states organised during the 19th Century?

3.    a) What factors led to the rise of the Empire of Benin?
       b) Why did this empire decline by the 19th Century?

4.    a) Why was Liberia founded?
       b) What problems did the early settlers face between 1821 and 1847?

5.    a) Explain the causes of the 19th Century Jihads in West Africa.
       b) What were the effects of these Jihads on the peoples of West Africa?

6.    Describe the reaction of the following peoples towards European colonial rule in West Africa:
       a)    Chief Jaja of Opobo,
       b)    Nana Olumu of Itsekiri

7.    a) How was the British system of Indirect Rule applied in Nigeria?
       b) Why was this system unsuccessful?

8.    a) Explain the causes of the 1963-1974 Guinea-Bissau war.
       b) Why was this war successful?